Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a DNA virus endemic worldwide. The seroprevalence in the population is 40-90 %, depending on the socioeconomic status and geographical location. In most cases, CMV infection in a healthy population remains undiagnosed due to the uncharacteristic clinical presentation and mild course of the disease, and a more serious clinical presentation is present in immunocompromised patients. CMV infection in pregnancy does not increase the risk to the health of the mother, however it poses a risk to an adverse pregnancy outcome and the health of the baby. Studies have shown that in developed countries 0.6 to 0.7 % of newborns are infected with CMV. Although infection of the fetus during pregnancy usually does not cause any changes, 10 % to 15 % of infected children will develop symptomatic disease, characterized by symptoms of numerous organs, especially the reticuloendothelial and central nervous systems. Namely, congenital CMV infection is the main non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the newborn. Primary infection in the first half of pregnancy results in a more severe clinical presentation, which is why the introduction of systematic screening of pregnant women is being considered. The diagnosis of CMV infection can be achieved by serological testing of the pregnant woman or prenatal diagnosis. Serological testing of pregnant women is a non-invasive and reliable diagnostic procedure based on the detection of CMV IgG and IgM antibodies and the avidity test of IgG antibodies. Prenatal diagnosis includes ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and invasive methods such as amniocentesis and cordocentesis. To reduce transplacental virus transmission and the incidence of symptomatic congenital infection, a number of treatment options for pregnant women with proven CMV infection are being explored. Passive immunization with CMV hyperimmune globulin, active immunization, and antiviral therapy are currently being considered, but further research is needed to find the most effective drug.