Pneumothorax refers to the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity. Air can enter the pleural space through two mechanisms: trauma in the case of injury to the thoracic wall, bronchi or trachea, or spontaneously, perforation of the pleura. Male sex, tall and thin habitus, adolescence, young adulthood, COPD and smoking are considered risk factors for the development of pneumothorax. Symptoms occur in most cases at rest. They are most often presented by the sudden onset of dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain. The diagnosis of pneumothorax is usually confirmed by imaging methods. The standard PA chest X-ray in the upright position is most often used in diagnostics. The most accurate method for estimating pneumothorax size is CT, however, chest X-rays are most commonly used to calculate pneumothorax size. In smaller children, pneumothorax is considered small if it affects less than 30% of hemitorax and large if it affects more than that percentage. The management of pneumothorax in children is based on guidelines for the adult population. In children with the first episode of PSP involving less than 30% of hemitorax, hospital observation is recommended. Thoracic drainage is performed in patients in whom thoracentesis was not successful, in patients with recurrent pneumothorax and in most patients with SSP. Methods of surgical treatment are thoracotomy and VATS. Thoracotomy remained the treatment method with the lowest recurrence rate, but the downsides are that it leads to greater blood loss, greater postoperative pain, and longer hospital stays compared to VATS.