Lungs are covered with thin invaginated sac called pleura, which is built from two layers, parietal and visceral. Between those two layers we can find small amount of liquid which facilitates the process of breathing. In pathological condition this potential space can be fulfilled with air, which cause pneumothorax and lung collapse. Amount of air in pleural space determinates largeness of pneumothorax and it´s malignancy. From very little and asymptomatic, till severely large which puts pressure on collapsed lung and cause dyspnea and sudden chest pain. According to mechanism of genesis we can divide pneumothorax on spontaneous and traumatic. When it occurs spontaneously in absolutely healthy person we call it primary spontaneous pneumothorax. If person before suffered from any lung disease we talk about secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, which is mostly a complication of that same disease. Traumatic pneumothorax occurs in penetrating injuries and closed trauma of lungs parenchyma or tracheobronchial tree. Special attention must be referred when it comes to tension pneumothorax, because this condition can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest and consequently to death of patient in only few minutes. In this situation it´s required to promptly decompress the lung with needle or catheter. We can diagnose pneumothorax based on anamnesis and physical findings with the help of an RTG scanning and CT. Treatment for the tasks has to evacuate the air from pleural space and to prevent it´s recidivism. Each pneumothorax requires individual access and best choice of method to cure it. Therapical possibilities vary from observation, aspiration to surgical operation. In purpose to prevent recidives we combine resection surgery with methods of permanent obliteration, pleurodesis.