Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is considered to be the most common type of cerebrovascular disease. Pathological changes affect small perforating brain blood vessels and it usually occurs in older age. There are numerous etiopathogenical types of the cerebral small vessel disease. However, the arteriolosclerosis (or small vessel diseases related to age and vascular risk factors) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy are the most prevalent forms. Since the pathological changes in the blood vessels are difficult to visualize directly, the main markers of disease are changes in the brain parenchyma visible with neuroimaging methods. The main neuroimaging features of the SVD include lacunar infarcts, lacunes, white matter lesions, enlarged perivascular spaces, microbleeds, deep ICH and brain atrophy which are created as a consequence of the particular disease. The exact risk factors and the pathophysiology of the abovementioned changes are rather unknown, which is the reason why there are no adequate prevention methods or an effective therapy. The SVD can be clinically presented as the stroke, cognitive decline, dementias or in an sub-clinical form.