Urolithiasis refers to the presence of stones anywhere within the urinary tract (kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra). The most common types of stones are those made of calcium oxalate (67%), followed by calcium phosphate (17%), uric acid (8%), struvite (3%), and cystine (0.4%). The formation of urinary stones is a multifactorial process that is influenced by changes in metabolism, genetic factors, functional abnormalities, and diet, which plays an important role. When evaluating a patient with urolithiasis, it is important to take a thorough medical history focusing on the patient's history of illness, habits, and environmental factors to assess which risk group the patient belongs to, conduct an appropriate and targeted physical examination, and order the necessary laboratory and imaging tests. The diagnosis begins with ultrasound for uncomplicated urolithiasis and is supplemented by various computed tomography modalities in more serious presentations. Treatment consists of medical and surgical approaches depending on the presentation, size, and location of the stone, as well as the patient's overall condition. Emphasis should be placed on the prevention of urolithiasis, where lifestyle and dietary changes are the most important factors. A diet consisting of increased daily fluid intake, avoiding sweetened carbonated drinks and consuming juices rich in citrate, and increasing the ratio of fruits and vegetables intake while decreasing the ratio of animal protein and salt intake, along with a balanced consumation of dairy products, represents the best dietary modification for the prevention of urolithiasis.