Malignant bladder tumors are the ninth most common malignant disease in the world. Bladder cancer is more common in men, the elderly and Caucasians. Carcinogenesis within the urothelium is the result of a complex interaction between oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and the amplification or overexpression of genes encoding growth factors or their receptors. Cigarette smoking is one of the most studied and most important factors influencing the development of bladder cancer in both women and men. Exposure to aromatic amines in the industry is also an important factor influencing the occurrence of urinary tumors. Also, compounds in our drinking water can affect the development of bladder cancer (arsenic, trihalomethanes, nitrates). Out of the iatrogenic causes, an association between the development of bladder cancer and treatment with cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide has been demonstrated. Radiotherapy can also encourage the development of cancer. Out of the other drugs, phenacetin was found to be carcinogenic and potentially pioglitazone. Chronic urinary tract infections increase the risk of developing cancer. There is also an association between the human papilloma virus infection and bladder cancer. Upper urinary tract cancers are the result of the same etiological factors as urothelial bladder cancer, which is why such patients often develop bladder cancer. Bladder augmentation, aristolochic acid, consumption of large amounts of artificial sweeteners, and exposure to polluted air can all contribute to the development of bladder cancer. Schistosomiasis causes squamous cell carcinoma that is more common in parts of the world where this infection is more common