About 2 million people are infected with HIV every year, with the highest rates among young adolescents between 15 and 24 years old. Although there has been an improvement in the quality of life of HIV infected people since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, approximately 70% of patients develop neurological complications that affect the central or peripheral nervous system. Neurological manifestations are a result of the direct impact of HIV or opportunistic infections. The most common neurological manifestations are a focal neurologic deficit, meningeal syndrome, encephalopathy, motor manifestations, sensory manifestations, neurocognitive manifestations and retinitis. The range of clinical presentations of these neurological manifestations is extensive, including hemiparesis, hemiplegia, dysarthria, aphasia, ataxia, symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, impaired cognitive function and lethargy. Clinical presentation can also include motor weakness with or without spasticity with areflexia or hyperreflexia, dysfunction of bowel and bladder sphincter, pain, loss of sensation and hyperesthesia. HIV infection is most commonly diagnosed by HIV antibody testing and the diagnosis of neurological manifestations is based on clinical presentation, radiological techniques and laboratory diagnostics. Treatment of HIV infection and neurological manifestations is based on antiretroviral therapy. Additional treatment may be required, depending on a particular neurological manifestation.