| Abstract | T2DM stands as one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally, with an increasing incidence,
notably associated with obesity. While its pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, it is
primarily linked to insulin resistance, resulting in reduced glucose uptake by the liver, muscles, and
adipose tissue, consequently leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Classical clinical features of
T2DM include polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia, yet many patients are asymptomatic, ... More underscoring
the importance of screening, particularly in obese individuals with a positive family history. Diagnosis
of T2DM currently relies on assessing levels of FPG, OGTT, and HbA1c. A myriad of glucose-lowering
medications are available in the market today. Poorly controlled T2DM is associated with numerous
complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and impaired
wound healing.
EVs are released by various cells and categorized into three types based on size: apoptotic bodies,
microvesicles, and exosomes, in ascending order. Recent research has underscored the pivotal role of
extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, in the physiology and pathophysiology of various
diseases, including T2DM. Exosomes, small vesicles facilitating intercellular communication, have
been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of T2DM and its complications. Despite ongoing
investigations, much remains to be elucidated regarding exosomes. However, they hold immense
promise in the realm of theranostics—integrated therapeutic and diagnostic approaches—particularly
concerning T2DM complications. Continued research into exosomes has the potential to unveil novel
diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies, revolutionizing the management and treatment of T2DM
and enhancing patient outcomes. Less |
