Amblyopia is defined as a unilateral, rarely bilateral, decrease in vision that results from inadequate visual experience during a period of early development of the visual system. The brain of infants is extremely sensitive to change, which is why amblyopia and progressive irreversible damage can occur as early as the first weeks of life. The prevailing theory of origin assumes competition between the neural networks of two eyes to influence cortical neurons, with stronger impulses from the dominant eye being processed in the visual cortex and those of the amblyopic being suppressed. The critical period of brain maturation and vision development includes a period of up to 7 years of the child's life, during which the plasticity ability of the child's brain can allow restitution of vision impaired by amblyopia. The conditions that most often lead to the development of amblyopia are strabismus, high refractive errors and anisometropia, and neonatal cataracts. With a high prevalence of amblyopia of as much as 5%, the importance of preventive programs is growing, with the help of which up to 97% of all eye anomalies can be detected by a simple examination of visual acuity. Timely treatment of amblyopia prevents permanent damage and possible loss of vision. Depending on the cause, treatment will include corrections of refractive errors, different types of occlusions, surgical treatment, and psychological assistance to the child. The combination of all the above treatment methods proved to be the best choice in preventing recurrent or residual amblyopia and improving the motor and sensory functions of the eye that accompany amblyopia.